It is true that physicists have turned
to the cosmos as the true nuclear physics laboratory, but to hire
astrophysics experiment on Earth is something else. Therefore,
first, I would like to make a small foray into astrophysics. This
to highlight the difference we found so far in using scientific
experiment, where we trained, we humans, on this occasion.
Was established and completed many
experiments in the heaven laboratory, in which:
- In 1609 year, mathematician Galileo
found new information about the universe with his fingers. A look
at the sky with the first instrument, invented by Dutchman Hans
Lippershey, a year before and who then improved and managed to
increase the capacity of the human eye and look on. He could see
mountains on the moon, new stars in the sky suites, spots on the
Sun, moons of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus. This has changed
appearance. Earth became a planet that moves as every planet around
the sun.
Sun (a yellow rose),
presented at the Centenary of Bucharest Astronomical
Observatory,
April 2008, at picture exhibition: Universe of Flowers.
- Then in 1967 year, English mathematician, Isaac Newton
showed that there is a law that applies to Earth and other cosmic
objects also. This law is building on the achievements of Kepler,
Galileo Galilei and other forerunners of his ‒ that does not
require dozens of crystal spheres perpetuated since the Aristotle
and Ptolemy times to explain their movement, but the force of
gravity only.
Pleiades (thistle flowers),
presented at the Centenary of Bucharest Astronomical
Observatory,
April 2008, at picture exhibition: Universe of Flowers.
- Through the stellar spectroscopy measurements made since
1868, during a solar eclipse, the French astronomer Jules Janssen
discovered the element helium, hitherto unknown, which proved to be
the most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen.
Subsequently one found that alpha particles are composed of helium
and then helium lack viscosity at temperatures close to absolute
zero, led to the discovery super fluidity. In studies of stellar
evolution, thermonuclear reactions in the stars centers burning
hydrogen and its transformation into helium, ensure the life of a
star. Thus, a yellow star, the way the Sun could provide an
evolution of life on Earth in a period of almost 5 billion years.
Moreover, it is possible to pay, nearly 5 billion years of living
in peace, until the sun becomes red giant star and will exceed the
diameter of Earth's orbit, becomes a red giant star and will exceed
the diameter of Earth's orbit.
The evolution of stars
illustrated with roses. Picture presented
in December 2008, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
exhibition with the title:
Worlds Meet (Universe of Flowers - Stars and Constellations among
us)
- In the years after 1920 first verification of Einstein's
relativity theory were made by checking the deviation of the light
beams at total solar eclipse in 1921 and then elliptical trajectory
of the planet Mercury, which is always wrapped around the sun,
keeping only near Sun ellipse focus.
Red giant star (Rose Red),
presented at the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
in April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of
Flowers.
White dwarf star (White
Rose), presented at the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of Flowers.
Red dwarf star (Anemone
bud), presented at the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of Flowers.
- Calculate heavenly distances using Cepheid's objects in 1908
year (See also Article: Candles in the universe) and red
spectrum shift to detect movement of heavenly bodies in 1912 year,
served Hubble in 1929 year, to determine the galaxies expansion.
Therefore, could thus calculate the age of the universe of almost
14 billion years.
- How stars are born:
A typical star like our Sun begins
its life as a large ball of diffuse hydrogen gas and called
protostar and gradually contracts under the force of gravity.
As it begins to collapse, it begins to spin rapidly (which
often leads to the formation of a double-star system, where two
stars chase each other in elliptical orbits, or the formation
of planets in the plane of rotation of the star). The core of the
star also heats up tremendously until it hits approximately 10
million degrees or more, when the fusion of hydrogen to helium
takes place. (Michio Kaku)
And so, from the protostar to the star, the process can lead any
times at a double star, through gravitational association with
other close protostar, or a star with multiple elements also
captured gravitationally, forming rings of material around the star
which gather over time to form planets. It was found that the
number of double stars reach half of single stars.
Binary star system (Cactus
Flowers),
presented at the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of Flowers.
Binary star system (yellow
and white roses), presented at
the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of Flowers.
Binary systems can be eclipsing variable stars (See article
A life devoted to scientific research. One hundred years after
the birth of Professor Calin Popovici)
- Determination of the universe background in the microwave
radio in 1965 year, by Peebles, Penzias, and Wilson, the so-called
radiation of 3.5 degrees Kelvin, discusses the possible
cosmological implication of the detection. The WMAP (Wilkinson
microwave anisotropy probe), named after pioneering cosmologist
David Wilkinson and launched in 2001, has given scientists, with
unprecedented precision, a detailed picture of the early universe
when it was a mere 380,000 years old.
Start and end of the universe
(Big Bang) (Calliandria Haematocarpa)
presented at the Astronomical Bucharest Centenary,
April 2008, at pictures exhibition: The Universe of Flowers.
However, to do an astrophysical experiment on Earth is something
else. In all astrophysical experiments and in all theories based
experiment to further, were used measuring instruments, optical and
radio, more efficient. Do not forget, however, that all
measurements made before, made on objects with immense masses
located at great distance from Earth. Stars from 0.13 to 40 solar
masses (mass of the Sun is 330 000 times that of Earth). Our
galaxy, the Milky Way mass (which has about 200 billion stars),
reaching 700 thousand million times the mass of the Sun. Finally,
the observable universe estimated contains 80 billion galaxies. The
mass of the universe as a whole is unthinkable. Mathematics,
although it can represent large numbers as we want, even infinite,
we can say something that man could not possibly understand.
Deeper theories in physics, as in astrophysics also have on
experiment based. A theory that is not verified in practice, we
like it or not, must be abandoned if is not based upon the new
experimental data, be sought another. In this way human knowledge
advances. Theory - and experiment ‒ theory - and experiment ‒ etc.
No one gives us anything free. Scientific work behind the deepening
human knowledge and is based always on enlarging experimentally
obtained data. Experimental approaches, in turn, more
sophisticated, they become possible due to always-increased
technological employment opportunities. I.e., by successive
approximations, as a mathematician would say.
In fact, this kind of thing is common to man. It is actually a
modus vivendi, a way of survival of man and all living beings,
existing in an environment. In addition, if we remember a debate in
a previous article (See: Physical Constants... Constant and
universal?), and the surrounding nature things are in a
similar way. A yellow star like the Sun would not be born, if, for
example, the gravitational constant, G large - empirical physical
constant involved in calculating the gravitational attraction
between two objects endowed with mass - had reached a different
value, different from that measured. For example, if the
gravitational constant:
. . . if it were 10 times larger,
then it turns out the only kind of stars we would have in the sky
would be blue giant stars, which expend their nuclear fuel so
rapidly that they would not persist long enough for live to
evolve on any of their planets (that is, if the timescales for the
evolution of life on our planet are typical). Or if the Newtonian
gravitational constant were ten times less, then we would have only
red dwarf stars. What's wrong with a universe made with red dwarf
stars? Well, it is argued, they're around for a long time because
they burn their nuclear fuel, but they are such feeble sources of
light that to be warmed to the temperature of liquid water, let's
say, then the planets would have to be very close to the star in
order to be at this temperature. But if you put the planets very
close to the star, there is a tidal pull that the star exerts
on the planet so that the planet always keeps the same face to the
star, and therefore, it is said, the near side will be too hot and
the far side will be too cold and it's inconsistent with life. So
isn't it remarkable that big G has the value it does? (Carl
Sagan)
A recreation of what happened a few microseconds after the Big
Bang - that phenomenon that led to the production of the universe
as we conceive of it reached us today - produce spectacular images
of small and heavy particles collide at nearly the light speed.
According to Higgs's theory, basis of the Geneva experiment, the
Large Hadron Collider, we could come to understand the concept of
mass.
It is also seeking, solutions to link quantum theory with
general relativity. If you can, then, any advancement of the
Standard Model, and if you still can, find out where there is
antimatter, and finally, the nature of dark matter that makes up
96% of the universe, for only 4% has mass. As these are the
scientific research purposes, they should be present if we consider
contemporary discussions, and the wonderful synthesis about them,
thanks to Richard Panek.
All well and good. Astronomy is full
of homo sapiens-humbling insights. But these lessons
in insignificance had always been at least somewhat
ameliorated by a deeper understanding of the universe. The
more we could observe, the more we would know. But what about the
less we could observe? What happens to our understanding of
the universe then? What currently unimaginably repercussions
would this limitation, and our ability to overcome it or not, have
for our laws of physics and our philosophy - our twin frames
of reference for our relationship to the universe?
(Richard Paneck)
Some notions necessarily needed to get closer to understanding
the issue, LHC (Large Hadron Collider)
Particle - a small object,
sub-atomic - with weight and electrical charge
Hadron - a particle with
mass, made up of smaller elements called quark which
is adjacent
Particle accelerator - a
machine used to accelerate elementary particles beams in
a certain direction and at a determined rate
Collider - an accelerator
in which two beams of particles coming from opposing directions are
aimed at each other to produce high-energy collisions
Higgs boson - a theoretical
particle that was thought to give matter mass makes it a solid
body. Theory proposed first time by Peter Higgs, Edinburgh
University, in 1964 year.
Large Hadron Collider -
means the Hadron accelerator collisions, should confirm Higgs's
theory.
Large Hadron Collider, Geneva
Things are popular and otherwise. LHC would be devoted to
finding long searching, 'God particle', a metaphor that should show
how the soul have made physicists to carry out this experiment. In
addition, that the Earth will unleash a Big Bang because
physicist's coalition will destroy the world, which this time shows
both a profound misunderstanding of science and technology
performance reached Earth, but also further evidence of lack of
sound education. (See also Article: On which side of the
telescope to look in the era of television and Photoshop)
LHC is 27 km long and lies 175 m below ground. The European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the author. In this
experiment 10 000 physicists are working, they come from 100
countries and hundreds worldwide laboratories. LHC is 7.5 billion
euros cost. After several revisions to the facility after its start
in September 2008, is working nonstop from March 2011. The data
began delivered and analyzed with great pride and joy.
Accelerator
The accelerator tunnel for elementary particles collision has
1232 magnetic dipoles used to provide circular route of speeded
particles and 392 quadruple magnets necessary to focus the beam
always accelerated. Approximately 96 tons of liquid helium
maintains a working temperature of -2710C, only 2
degrees of absolute zero. Is leading to a speed of protons used in
the experiment, very close to the speed of light.
An image simulation seeks to achieve,
to be detected, and analyzed.
It hopes that look something like a collision of two protons
accelerated to
nearly the speed of light, which would reveal the Higgs boson.
It is an exciting time for the advancement of science. We are
thinking that one working mainly to prove an early universe theory.
So the LHC could successfully recreate, in miniature, a Bing Bang
version, the very 'early universe', they hope thus to make serious
progress in astrophysics.
LHC is the next step in a journey of discovery that began a
century ago. Back then, scientists have discovered only, all kinds
of mysterious rays: X-rays, cathode rays, alpha and beta. Since
then, they have found answers.
The answers have changed our daily lives, giving us televisions,
transistors, cell phones, medical imaging devices, computers, and
so on.
The threshold XXI century, we face new questions for which the
LHC made to answer. Who can say that evolution can lead us these
answers?
We have to work more! We have to be healthy and cheerful!
References:
- Richard Panek, The 4 Percent Universe. Dark Matter, Dark
Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality, Houghton
Mifflin Harcouty, Boston New York, 2011.
- Michio Kaku. Parallel Worlds, A Journey through Creation,
Higher Dimensions, and the future of the cosmos, Anchor Books,
New York, 2006.
- Carl Sagan, The diversity of scientific experiments,
Curtea Veche, 2009
- LHC,
http://www.google.co.il/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=796&bih=910&q=LHC&gbv=2&oq=LHC&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=0l0l0l2036l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0
(accessed August 22, 2011).